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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Instructional leadership ： ウィキペディア英語版 Instructional leadership Instructional leadership is generally defined as the management of curriculum and instruction by a school principal. This term appeared as a result of research associated with the effective school movement of the 1980's, which revealed that the key to running successful schools lies in the principals' role. However, the concept of instructional leadership is recently stretched out to include more distributed models which emphasize distributed and shared empowerment among school staff, for example distributed leadership, shared leadership, and transformational leadership. ==History== The concept of instructional leadership emerged and developed in the United States within the effective school movement of the 1980s. The research resulting from this movement revealed that a principal is critical to success in children’s learning within poor urban elementary schools.〔Edmonds, R. (1979). Effective schools for the urban poor. Educational Leadership, 37, 15-24.〕〔Leithwood, K., & Montgomery, D. (1982). The role of the elementary principal in program improvement. Review of Educational Research, 52(3), 309-339.〕〔〔Hallinger, P. (2009). Leadership for 21st century schools: From instructional leadership to leadership for learning.〕 This research revealed that the personality characteristics of the ideal principal are strong mindedness, directness, top-down management and charisma. During the 1990’s, a strong instructional leadership model was still at the center of the educational leadership discussion, because of its effectiveness in the schools. However, since then this concept has been criticized for focusing too much on the individual principal’s heroic role. As a result, the scholars started to explore leadership models to supplement these critics and point out the distributed nature of instructional leadership, such as transformational leadership, teacher leadership, shared leadership, and distributed leadership, all of which understand educational leadership as broader perspectives practice that includes school communities.〔Spillane, Halverson, and Diamond (2004) Towards a theory of leadership practice: a distributed perspective. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 36(1), 3-34〕 Moreover, the accountability movement of the 21st century sheds new light on instructional leadership, since this paradigm puts more emphasis on the learning outcomes for students.〔〔Halverson, Grigg, Prichett, and Thomas(2006) The new instructional leadership: Creating data-driven instructional systems in schools. Journal of School leadership, January 17〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Instructional leadership」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.